However, the study's methodology and potential cultural biases have been criticized. The test was administered in a language unfamiliar to all the children, and the cultural references may have favoured certain groups over others. The study did not consider other factors that may have influenced the children's performance, such as socioeconomic status and educational opportunities. Overall, Rice's study was an early attempt to measure the intelligence of Indian populations using Western methods. While it paved the way for further research in this area, it is essential to approach it with a critical lens and consider the cultural and historical context in which it was conducted, particularly in the Sikh community.
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