In the early Neogene period, the sea began to recede, and the region became a terrestrial environment. The sediments deposited during this time consist mainly of sandstones, conglomerates, and claystones. During the late Neogene period, the region experienced tectonic uplift and deformation, which caused the deposition of the Siwalik Group. The Siwalik Group is a sequence of sedimentary rocks that consists mainly of sandstones, conglomerates, and claystones. These rocks were deposited by rivers and are rich in fossils, including those of ancient mammals. In the Quaternary period, the region experienced intense tectonic activity, which resulted in the uplift of the Salt Range and the formation of the Himalayan Mountains. The Quaternary sediments consist mainly of alluvium, which was deposited by rivers and streams. Overall, the Cenozoic history of the northwest Punjab region is characterized by a complex interplay of tectonic and erosional processes, which have resulted in the deposition of a thick sequence of sedimentary rocks and the formation of the Himalayan Mountains. The rich fossil record of the Siwalik Group provides important insights into the evolution of mammals in the region over the past several million years.